Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.

Orpha Number: 90794

Definition

A disorder that is the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), characterized by simple virilizing or salt wasting forms that can manifest with genital ambiguity in females and with adrenal insufficiency (in both sexes), and that presents with dehydration, hypoglycemia in the neonatal period (that can be lethal if untreated), and hyperandrogenia.

Epidemiology

The prevalence is about 1/14,000.

Clinical description

Classic 21-OHD CAH can be divided into 2 clinical groups: simple-virilizing or salt wasting (see these terms). Clinical signs of classic 21-OHD CAH are observed prenatally or at birth. Girls present with ambiguous genitalia (clitoromegaly, partially fused labia majora with rugae, common urogenital sinus) and the extent of virilization can vary from a nearly male appearance to minimal clitoromegaly. A normal uterus and various degrees of abnormal vaginal development are seen. The external genitalia in boys are normal. Salt wasting forms of CAH lead to symptoms of dehydration and hypotension in the first few weeks of life due to aldosterone deficiency. They can develop failure to thrive, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, acidosis and hypoglycemia which can be life threatening if not treated immediately. Hyperandrogenia manifests with accelerated growth velocity and accelerated skeletal maturation (leading to short stature in adulthood), advanced bone age, premature pubarche and precocious puberty during childhood, acne and hirsutism, menstrual problems, subfertility, and metabolic disturbances and obesity during adulthood.

Etiology

The disease is caused by a mutation in the CYP21A2 gene located on chromosome 6p21.3 which controls cortisol and aldosterone production.

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of girls with classic 21-OHD CAH is usually at birth when ambiguous genitalia are present. Fetuses can be diagnosed for CAH prenatally by measuring 17-hydroxy-progesterone (17-OHP) levels found in amniotic fluid. National systematic screening programs in most European countries diagnose cases of CAH at birth.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnoses include other forms of CAH, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, see these terms) or any diseases with androgen excess.

Antenatal diagnosis

Prenatal testing is available by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) during the 10th -12th week of gestation or by amniocentesis during the 15th -18th week by measuring the enzyme activity of 17-OHP.

Genetic counseling

As classic 21-OHD CAH follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, genetic counseling is possible.

Management and treatment

Prenatal treatment with dexamethasone can be administered to female fetuses at risk of developing classic CAH. When administered before the 9th week of gestation, it prevents the excessive androgen production responsible for genital ambiguity in females. If diagnosed after birth, vaginoplasty surgery is usually performed on girls in the first year of life. Lifelong hormone replacement therapy is needed to treat adrenal insufficiency and to decrease elevated androgen hormone levels in order to allow for normal growth and puberty. Hydrocortisone is usually given to children as glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy (10-15mg/m2/day divided into 2 or 3 doses) and 9alpha- fludrocortisone for mineralocorticoid (MC) replacement. Dosage is monitored and modified during times of stress. There is a risk of developing acute adrenal insufficiency (see this term) and other complications due to chronic hyperandrogenemia. Excessive treatment with GC causes cushingoid features, and excess MC causes hypertension. Regular follow-up by a multidisciplinary team, including pediatric endocrinologists, surgeons, gynecologists, psychologists, is important.

Prognosis

With proper treatment patients have a normal life expectancy.

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